External Review (state/federal) · State Departments of Insurance / CMS
Request for independent external review after exhausting internal appeals. Must be filed within 4 months of final internal denial. Reviewed by an Independent Review Organization (IRO). Decision is binding on the insurer.
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Mail to your state's external review organization or the insurer
Some states have a designated external review agency. Others require filing through the insurer who forwards it.
Some states accept external review requests online through their Department of Insurance website
Fax to the external review organization or state insurance department
Filing Deadline
4 months (125 days) from the date of the final internal adverse benefit determination. Some states allow additional time.
Standard: 45 days from receipt of the request. Expedited: 72 hours (or as fast as the medical situation requires) for urgent cases.
An Independent Review Organization (IRO) assigns a physician reviewer in the relevant specialty. The IRO decision is BINDING on the insurer — if the reviewer overturns the denial, the insurer must provide the service.
Internal Appeal (insurer-specific) · Health Insurance Plans
First-level appeal of claim denial or adverse benefit determination. Must be exhausted before external review. Insurer must respond within 30 days (pre-service) or 60 days (post-service).
DOI Complaint (state-specific) · State Departments of Insurance
Formal complaint to state insurance regulator about insurer practices, claim handling, coverage disputes, or unfair treatment. Each state has its own form and process.
PA Request (insurer-specific) · Health Insurance Plans
Request for approval of surgical procedures, imaging studies, specialist referrals, or other services requiring pre-authorization. Must demonstrate medical necessity.
Pharmacy PA (insurer/PBM-specific) · Health Insurance Plans / PBMs
Request for coverage of formulary drugs requiring PA, non-formulary drugs, or override of step therapy, quantity limits, or other utilization management edits.
Step Therapy Exception · Health Insurance Plans / PBMs
Request to bypass step therapy requirement and proceed directly to a preferred or non-preferred drug. Must document why first-step drugs are not appropriate for the patient.
Tiering Exception · Part D Plans / Commercial Insurers
Request to obtain a non-preferred drug at the lower cost-sharing tier. Prescriber must provide a supporting statement documenting why the lower-tier alternatives are not appropriate.
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